Is Nuclear a Good Solution?

The arguments compiled below address both sides of the argument.  France is the poster child for successful use.  Other nations struggle with the decision of whether to keep older plants, invest in new ones, rehabilitate plants reaching their design age or creating satisfactory means of securing and disposing of waste.

Of the 31 countries in which nuclear power plants operate, only France, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belgium, and Hungary use them as the source for a majority of the country’s electricity supply. Other countries have significant amounts of nuclear power generation capacity.^[10] By far the largest nuclear electricity producers are the United States with 805 647 GWh of nuclear electricity in 2017, followed by France with 381 846 GWh.^[10] As of December 2017 448 reactors with a net capacity of 391 721 MWe are operational and 59 reactors with net capacity of 60 460 MWe are under construction, of those 18 reactors with 19 016 MWe in China.^[11]

(data from Wikipedia)

Nuclear power by country in 2017^[10][9][1]

Country	Reactors		Capacity Net-total (MWe)	Generated electricity (GWh)	Share of total electricity use	Notes
	operational	U/C
Argentina	3	1	1633	5716.27	4.5%
Armenia	1	0	375	2411.39	32.5%
Bangladesh	0	1	N/A	N/A	N/A
Belarus	0	2	N/A	N/A	N/A
Belgium	7	0	5918	40186.70	49.9%
Brazil	2	1	1884	14854.33	2.7%
Bulgaria	2	0	1926	14872.26	34.3%
Canada	19	0	13554	95131.20	14.6%
China	39	19	34514	232796.74	3.9%
Czech Republic	6	0	3930	26784.68	33.1%
Finland	4	1	2769	21573.97	33.2%
France	58	1	63130	381846.02	71.6%
Germany	8	0	10799	72162.80	11.6%	Phase-out by 2022
Hungary	4	0	1889	15218.92	50.0%
India	22	6	6255	20004.34	3.2%
Iran	1	0	915	6366.21	2.2%
Japan	42	2	39752	29285.05	3.6%	Most reactors currently stopped
Korea, Republic of	25	2	23070	141278.32	27.1%
Mexico	2	0	1552	10571.92	6.0%
Netherlands	1	0	482	3263.18	2.9%
Pakistan	5	2	1318	8108.93	6.2%
Romania	2	0	1300	10580.15	17.6%
Russia	35	7	26142	190115.15	17.8%
Slovakia	4	2	1814	14015.82	54.0%
Slovenia	1	0	688	5967.83	39.1%
South Africa	2	0	1860	15087.29	6.7%
Spain	7	0	7121	55627.75	21.2%
Sweden	9	0	9102	63062.89	39.6%
Switzerland	5	0	3333	19590.70	33.4%	Phase-out planned
Taiwan	6	2	5052	21560.47	9.3%
Turkey	0	2	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ukraine	15	2	13107	80405.85	55.1%
United Arab Emirates	0	4	N/A	N/A	N/A
United Kingdom	15	0	8918	63886.83	19.3%
United States	99	2	99952	805647.33	20.0%
World total	451	59	394,054 MWe	2,488 TWh

Below you will find a nuclear energy pros and cons list, which covers the most important aspects of typical nuclear power plants.

There are 104 commercial nuclear power plants in the United States producing a whopping 806.2 TWh of electricity, in other words about 20 % of the entire electricity generation (2008). There is no doubt that the potential of nuclear energy is huge, but there are also downsides.

Before we get further into the pros and cons list, what exactly is nuclear energy? The basic gist is this: By separating an atom into two lighter atoms, there is a net loss of mass. This mass is not exactly lost, but rather transformed into massive amounts of energy. This is what is referred to as nuclear fission. By controlling these reactions we can harness the energy.

Advantages of Nuclear Energy

1. Relatively Low Costs

The initial construction costs of nuclear power plants are large. On top of this, when the power plants first have been built, we are left with the costs to enrich and process the nuclear fuel (e.g. uranium), control and get rid of nuclear waste, as well as the maintenance of the plant.  The reason this is under advantages is that nuclear energy is cost-competitive. Generating electricity in nuclear reactors is cheaper than electricity generating from oil, gas and coal, not to speak of the renewable energy sources!

2. Base Load Energy

Nuclear power plants provide a stable base load of energy. This can work synergistic with renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. The electricity production from the plants can be lowered when good wind and solar resources are available and cranked up when the demand is high.

3. Low Pollution

It is in most cases more beneficial, in terms of the climate crisis, to replace other energy harnessing methods we use today with nuclear power. The environmental effects of nuclear power are relatively light compared to those. However, nuclear waste is potential harmful for both humans and the environment.

4. Thorium

Reports show that with the yearly fuel consumption of today’s nuclear power plants, we have enough uranium for 80 years. It is possible to fuel nuclear power plants with other fuel types than uranium. Thorium, which also is a greener alternative, has lately been given an increased amount of attention. China, Russia and India have already plans to start using thorium to fuel their reactors in the near future.

It looks like nuclear fuel is of good availability if we combine the reserves of the different types together. In other words, hopefully enough time for us to find cost-competitive greener ways of harnessing energy.

5. Sustainable?

Is nuclear energy renewable or non-renewable? This is a good question. By definition, nuclear energy is not a renewable energy source. As I mentioned above, there is a limited amount of fuel for nuclear power available. On the other hand, you could argue that nuclear energy is potentially sustainable by the use of breeder reactors and fusion reactors. Nuclear fusion is the holy grail of harnessing energy. If we can learn to control atomic fusion, the same reactions as those that fuel the sun, we have practically unlimited energy. At the moment, these two methods both have serious challenges that need to be dealt with if we are to start using them on larger scale.

6. High Energy Density

It is estimated the amount of energy released in a nuclear fission reaction is ten million times greater than the amount released in burning a fossil fuel atom (e.g. oil and gas). Therefore, the amount of fuel required in a nuclear power plant is much smaller compared to those of other types of power plants.

Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy

While the advantages of using nuclear energy seem to be many, there are also plenty of negative effects of nuclear energy. The following are the most important ones:

1. Accidents Happen

The radioactive waste can possess a threat to the environment and is dangerous for humans. We all remember the Chernobyl accident, where the harmful effects of nuclear radiation on humans can even be witnessed today. Estimates conclude that somewhere between 15 000 and 30 000 people lost their lifes in the Chernobyl aftermath and more than 2.5 million Ukrainians are still struggling with health problems related to nuclear waste.

Just last year, on March 18, a major nuclear crisis happenend again in Japan. While the casualties were not as high as with the Chernobyl accident, the environmental effects were disasterous.

History shows that we can never really protect us 100% against these disasters. Accidents do happen.

2. Radioactive Waste

Does nuclear power cause air pollution? The nuclear power plants emit negligible amounts, if any, carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.  However, the processes in the nuclear fuel chain such as mining, enrichment and waste management does.

There are many arguments both for and against nuclear power. All in all I would say that the future of nuclear power looks promising. With new generations of reactors, potential major breakthroughs such as nuclear fusion, the methods we use to harness nuclear energy will get better in the next coming years. The question is: Do we need nuclear power or are the renewables a better choice?