The first and most simplistic is smart charging, also known as V1G.
This technology allows for signals to be sent to EVs from the grid or electricity retailers. A signal is sent from the grid to the EV and the consumer can choose to reduce electrical demand from EV charging, or an agreement is made to do this automatically. V1G can also tell an EV to start charging when grid demand is low. It’s a simple measure to reduce stress on the national grid.
Newer EVs offer Vehicle to Load (V2L) technology as well. This allows EV owners to plug and run appliances directly from the vehicle using energy stored in its batteries.
Next step in the ladder is Vehicle to Building and Home (V2B and V2H). Buildings and homes can utilise EV power, sharing the flow of electricity. While plugged in and not charging, the EV could either take or give electricity to the home or building it’s plugged into.
V2G is the pinnacle of all these technologies and the core component that would allow EV power to be fed back into the grid. The goal is to use EV battery power and energy stored within the battery, to flow into the grid when demand is highest.
Technology from V2G differs from the others, because it specifically focuses on exporting EV energy into the grid.
Recent research from UNSW showed, if treated properly, V2G can extend battery life instead of compromising it.